Bilingual Italian-English Dictionary H

The letter  Ã¢â‚¬Å"H† -- the eighth letter of the Italian language -- is called â€Å"acca† but makes no sound. This silent consonant is used as the initial letter only in four forms of the verb  avere  (to have):  ho  (I have), pronounced â€Å"oh†;  hai  (you have), pronounced â€Å"aye†;  ha  (he or she has), pronounced â€Å"ah†; and hanno  (they have), pronounced â€Å"ahn-no†. In some cases, words with an H are pronounced the same way as a word without an H. For example,  hanno  (they have)  and  anno  (year)  are pronounced exactly the same. Because it is silent, some will argue about the importance of the letter H. But the fact is, the Italian â€Å"H† appears after the consonants â€Å"c† and â€Å"g† before the vowels â€Å"e† and â€Å"i† to harden their sounds. Whether or not there is an H changes not only the pronunciation but the meaning of the word as well. Ci  (with multiple meanings, including here, there and us) is pronounced â€Å"chee,† while  chi  (who) sounds like â€Å"key.† Other uses for H:   le chiese  (the churches), without an  H,  crollano  (collapse).i chioschi  (the kiosks), become so light that they  volano  (fly) through the air scattering  giornali  (newspapers) everywhere.i cherubini  (the cherubim), for whom taking away the  Acca  was like taking away their wings,  cadono  (fall) from the sky.le chiavi  (the keys) cannot  aprire le porte  (open the doors) so people must sleep outdoors.le chitarre  (the guitars) lose  tutte le corde  (all their chords) and cannot make music.il Chianti, without the  Acca, takes on  un sapore disgustoso  (disgusting taste), and  i bicchieri  (the glasses), becoming biccieri, shatter into  mille pezzi  (thousands of pieces).Not a single rooster (gallo)  can  fare chicchirichi  (go cockle-doodle-do) in the morning. Words and Expressions The unpronounced â€Å"H† makes appearances in many everyday expressions, including:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ahi!  -- oh dear!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ahimà ¨! Ohimà ¨! – alas!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eh!  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ ah! well!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oh!  -- oh! ah!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ohibà ²!  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ for shame! Italian Words that Start with "H" Many â€Å"H† words have migrated untouched into Italian, including  harem, hamster, happening, hardware, helium,  and  homeland. Others take on Italian embellishments, as in  hollywoodiano, Then theres the Italian  asino  (donkey), who brays â€Å"hi ho!† rather than hee-haw. As mentioned above, other Italian words that start with H: Ha -- He/she has Hanno -- They have Ho -- I have Italian-English Dictionary

Nuclear Contamination And The Atomic Bomb Testing - 979 Words

We retired early that evening, and slept well. With the pressure we had been under now somewhat abated, we awoke the next morning rested and refreshed, ready for whatever the day might bring. Stapleya and Wisceya were eager to see the wonders of Las Vegas. Estelle and Jill had told them enough to pique their curiosity, although the fur-girls insisted it was impossible and we must be kidding them. Compared to their home world, I am sure our entire planet seemed like an impossibility, so why they would balk at one more impossible thing, I could not say. We pulled out of the motel parking lot before dawn and drove straight down Interstate 15 without stopping except to buy fuel or to answer nature s call. Although we had eschewed Interstate highways in prior day s travels, we really had no choice now. Besides, we had no reason to suspect Alex would be looking for us here. 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Dynamic Leadership Effectiveness and Areas of Development

Question: Discuss about theDynamic Leadership for Effectiveness and Areas of Development. Answer: Introduction As mentioned in a number of sources, the leadership style implemented in the workplace of an organization plays a significant role in the success of the organization. The leadership style implemented in the workplace controls or affects the interactions and communications of the management with the employees in the workplace. This in turn allows the employees to feel motivated to carry out their responsibilities and roles. The leadership style in the workplace of the organization also affects the productivity and performance of the employees. This report focuses on my leadership journey along with its effectiveness and areas of development. The report also describes a development plan for my future leadership journey (Smith, 2013). Leadership Journey This section of the report describes my current leadership journey in terms of my current organization and the role which I play in the workplace along with the challenges I face in playing the role of a leader. Organization and Role Im playing the role of a leader for a team in a retail store, which is a part of a large retail store chain. I have more than 12 people in my team carrying out different business activities with different responsibilities. All the people in my team are responsible for interacting with the customers at least once every day. I have been the leader of this team for quite some time and my responsibilities include managing and monitoring the activities of all the team members to ensure their maximum performance in the workplace. Im also responsible for the increase and maintenance of the motivation and productivity of the employees through effective leadership style and implementation of effective business guidelines. Im responsible for devising the development plan for my team members along with their annual appraisal along with their training and development activities (White, 2016). Leadership Style I implement the transformational leadership theory in my current organization and team, which requires me to maintain strong and close relationship with all of my team members. I utilize my interpersonal and communicational skills to get the trust and confidence of my team members, which in turn leads to the presence of a close relationship. I try to inspire my team members and become their role model to allow them to have their full potential in the workplace of the organization. I also allow each and every member of my team to put forward their opinion and feedback in various important decisions taken for the team. Another factor that I focus in the workplace, is to ensure that the team members always feel a part of the team (Christensen, 2014). Challenges I face a couple of challenges in leading the team in my current organization. Some of these challenges are mentioned in this section of the report. The team which Im leading in my current organization has members with different cultural backgrounds and are from different parts of the globe. This in turn poses as a challenge to manage them and ensuring that they work with each other in an efficient manner. My cultural and social backgrounds are also different than that of my team members, which in turn poses as a challenge to avoid misunderstandings or to have a casual talk. Another challenge which I face in my current workplace is creating a close relationship with the team members who cant speak English fluently, which in turn leads to problems for them to show their feelings. Another challenge which I face in the workplace is the lack of participation from the team members in a number of team meetings. I feel that the team members dont open up a lot in a group meeting (Madsen, 2014 ). Current Strengths This section of the report mentions a number of my strengths in my current organization and the role of a leader in the workplace. I have efficient interpersonal skills, which allow me to develop a good relationship with the team members quickly. The interpersonal skills also allow me to understand the feelings of my teammates in an effective manner, which in turn strengthens my relationship with them (McCleskey, 2014). My efficient communication skill is also a strength, which allow me to put my thoughts and opinions in front of the team members in an effective manner. The efficient communication skills also allow me to have good relationship with my team members and to avoid misunderstandings. I have good problem solving skills, which allow me to determine the best possible solution for any issue in the workplace in an efficient manner. The problem solving skills provide me a number of techniques and strategies to tackle various business goals and objectives in the workplace of the organization (Blomme, 2015). The critical thinking skills which I possess also allow me to think outside of box for solving various business issues in the workplace. The critical thinking skills allow me to develop effective operational strategies and business guidelines for the team to follow and perform better. Another of my strengths is my good personality, which always allow me to influence my teammates and allows me to have a good bonding with them. This also allows me to be a role model to the members in my team, which in turn allows me to motivate them in an effective manner (Miner, 2013). Another strength of mine is the activity of defining SMART goals for the members of my team in an efficient manner. This allows my teammates to have good performance in relation to their status of the goals allocated to them (Powers, 2014). Areas for Development There are a number of areas for development in my leadership in my current organization. Some of these areas for development are mentioned in this section of the report. One of the areas which I can develop is my conflict management skills, which allow me to maintain better understanding among my team members and resolve any conflicts among my team members. The enhanced conflict management skills will allow me to have better team synergy and better synchronization among my team members (Hannah, 2014). Another area of development in my leadership is the monitoring of my team members in terms of the development of their skills and in terms of the goals assigned to them. I feel I can develop this monitoring and feedback skill to ensure better management of the individuals working in my team. Change management in the workplace of the organization is another area where I can develop. The changes introduced in the business model of the organization are generally opposed by the employees in a negative manner. By improving my change management skill, I can ensure that my team members handle the changes in the workplace in a better way, which in turn leads to maintained performance and efficiency of my team (Bullough, 2014). These are some of the areas where I can focus on developing my leadership skills and expertise. This will allow me to have a better leadership in the workplace of the organization along with better working environment in the workplace of the organization. Feedback This section of the report focuses on the feedback provided by my partner regarding my leadership in my current organization. These feedbacks were provided after effective analysis of the current situation in my workplace and the leadership style I implemented in the workplace. The approach to employee engagement can be modified to include more number of team building activities and team work activities along with a number of fun activities. The employee engagement activities will in turn allow the members in the team to have better understanding of the character and thought process of each other, which will in turn result in the maintenance of better synergy in the team and the workplace (Baker, 2013). The project management activities in the team should be carried out by being aligned to the agile framework, which allows better ways to track the project status, define the goals for the individuals and keep the roles of each of the members in the team clean. The agile mindset in the team also allows the team to be open to changes at any point of time, may it be project specific changes or business model specific changes (Avolio, 2013). The communication in the team can be enhanced by having email or instant chat facilities enabled in the private smartphones of the employees in the team. This in turn allows the employees to have the flexibility of communicating regarding their business activities from any place according to their convenience. This also allows the employees to have better productivity and to be better satisfied with their employment in the organization (Foti, 2014). I have analyzed these feedbacks to understand their feasibilities in the workplace of my organization and have analyzed the complications involved in the implementation of these feedbacks in the workplace of my organization. Implications for Future Development This section of the report focuses on some of the implications of the development of my leadership skills. The migration of the entire team into the agile mindset is a difficult and time-taking process, which in turn poses as an implication in improving my change management and monitoring skills in my leadership. The implementation of the agile mindset in the workplace of the organization takes a significant amount of time along with the implementation of various tools and technologies. The purchase of licenses of these tools is also a possible implication in the process of enhancing my leadership skills (Kaigh, 2014). Another implication for future development is the implementation flexible communication solutions in the workplace to allow employees to work out of the workplace. This implementation will take significant amount of time to actually allow the employees work out of the workplace due to the security issues and the risks associated with the business activities (Tyssen, 2013). For the future development of my change management kills as part of my leadership skills, I need the team members to go through a number of training and development activities. The training and development activities can be planned by the management of the organization, but for the effective execution of the training and development activities the team members should be interested and motivated in them. In my current organization, my team members are more focused only on the business deliverables and generally tend to avoid the training and development activities. Changing that mindset of all the members in the team is a tedious activity, which affects the efficiency of the change management strategies implemented in the workplace (Landis, 2014). These are some of the implications which I think will come in the way of developing my leadership skills. I can focus on these implications in my development plan to ensure that I can avoid the negative impacts and enhance my leadership skills. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (2013). Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. Transformational and charismatic leadership: the road ahead. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Baker, J. P. (2013). Leadership Theories and Approaches. Leadership in Psychiatry, 49-62. Blomme, R. J., Kodden, B., Beasley-Suffolk, A. (2015). Leadership theories and the concept of work engagement: Creating a conceptual framework for management implications and research. Journal of Management Organization, 21(02), 125-144. Bullough, A., de Luque, M. S. (2014). Womens participation in entrepreneurial and political leadership: The importance of culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories. Leadership, 1742715013504427. Christensen, L. J., Mackey, A., Whetten, D. (2014). Taking responsibility for corporate social responsibility: The role of leaders in creating, implementing, sustaining, or avoiding socially responsible firm behaviors. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(2), 164-178. Foti, R., Hansbrough, T. K., Epitropaki, O., Coyle, P. (2014). Special issue: Dynamic viewpoints on implicit leadership and followership theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), 411-412. Hannah, S. T., Sumanth, J. J., Lester, P., Cavarretta, F. (2014). Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories. Journal of organizational behavior, 35(5), 598-621. Kaigh, E., Driscoll, M., Tucker, E., Lam, S. (2014). PREPARING TO LEAD: FINANCE PROFESSIONALS ARE ESSENTIAL IN NARROWING LEADERSHIP GAPS. Corporate Finance Review, 19(2), 5. Landis, E. A., Hill, D., Harvey, M. R. (2014). A synthesis of leadership theories and styles. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(2), 97. Madsen, S. R., Storberg-Walker, J. (2014). Advancing Theories of Women and Leadership. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), 117. Miner, J. B. (2013). Miner (2013), Addendum: The Role Motivation Theories of Organizational Leadership. Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition (Monographs in Leadership and Management, Volume 5) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 5, 395-398. Powers, C. L., Morgeson, F. P., Lyons, B. J. (2014, January). Dynamic Shared Leadership Theory: Understanding the Structures and Processes of Shared Leadership. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 10495). Academy of Management. Smith, P. A. (Ed.). (2013). Dynamic Leadership Models for Global Business: Enhancing Digitally Connected Environments: Enhancing Digitally Connected Environments. IGI Global. Tyssen, A. K., Wald, A., Spieth, P. (2013). Leadership in temporary organizations: a review of leadership theories and a research agenda. Project Management Journal, 44(6), 52-67. White, M. D. (2016). Dynamic Leadership: Moving HBCUs Toward New. Administrative Challenges and Organizational Leadership in Historically Black Colleges and Universities, 58.

Life, Like The Great Gatsby Essays - The Great Gatsby,

Life, like The great Gatsby Imagine that you live in the nineteen twenties, and that you are a very wealthy man that lives by himself in a manchine, on a lake and who throws parties every weekend. This is just the beginning of how to explain the way Jay Gatsby lived his life. This novel, by F. Scott, Fitzgerald is one that is very deep in thought. Fitzgerald releases little clues along the way of the novel that will be crusual to understand the ending. For instance, he makes the blue coupe a very important clue, as well as the Dr. T. J. Eckleburg eyes on the billboard that Mr. Wilson (the gas station attendant ) refers to as the eyes of god. There are also other little things that relate to the reason of gatsby's death. The main character's of this novel each have their part to do with the ending, Nick Caraway is probably the main character of this novel, as he comes down from New Jersey to new York to visit his cousin Daisy, who is married to Tom Buchannan. These are some of the incidents that are included in the novel as you will read further I will relate some issues of the novel, as well as other critics have included their views on The Great Gatsby. F. Scott, Fitsgerald was an American short story writer and novelist famous for his depictions of the Jazz Age(the 1920's), his most brilliant novel work being The Great Gatsby(1925). He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota on sept. 24, 1896 and died in Hollywood, California on December 21, 1940. His private life, with his wife, Zelda, in both America and France, became almost as celebrated as his novels. Fitsgerald was the only son of an aristocrat father, who was the author of the star spangle banner. Fitzgerald spent most of time with his wife, latter in their relationship they moved to france where he began to write his most brilliant novel, The Great Gatsby. All of his divided nature is in this novel, the native midwestener afir with the possibilities of every Americans dream in OLSON 2 it's hero, Jay Gatsby, and the compassionate princeton gentlemen in it's narrator, Nick Carraway. The Great Gatsby is the most profoundly American novel of it's time (Houghton). Fitzgerald had an intensely romantic imagination, what he once called "a heightened sensitivity to the promises of life," and he rushed into experience determined to realize those promises. Latter on in Fitzgeralds life, he started to drink very heavily and became very unhappy. In 1930 his wife had a mental breakdown and in 1932 another, from which she never recovered. With it's failure and his despair over Zelda, Fitzgerald was close to becoming an incurable alcoholic. He surpassed becoming an alcoholic though, and moved out west to become a Hollywood screenwriter were he met his new wife Sheilah Graham, but he never forgot about Zelda and his daughter Scotti. (Johnson, 384). The Great Gatsby is an excellent review on how fitzgerald preceived his life to be, in the same sense that he also was very wealthy. Gatsby, in this novel is the mistiries wealthy man that lives in the big house across the lake from Tom and Daisy Buchanann. There would always be some type of party going on at his house, but for some reason he never attended to them, he would always watch from his window. Nick Caraway is Daisy's cousin who comes to visit, Nick needs a place to stay, so he finds an ad for a guest cottage that Mr. Jay Gatsby owns. After Nick has moved in Jay and Nick become pretty close friends. Jordan has always wondered who The Great Gatsby was, so she uses Nick to find out more about him. As the story goes on, there are some odd things that Fitsgerald relates to the story as important things. These important things make you really think about what it means to the story. The Automobile in The Great Gatsby is a very big topic for the conclution of the story. What we have in The Great Gatsby is a creative manipulation of the automobile as symbol and image to accomplish a variety of ends (O'Meara, 74). O'Meara goes on to say that when Fitzgerald accentuates mechanism and minimizes aesthetics, he depersonalizes vehicles and underscores the OLSON 3 behavior of their drivers. The existing criticism on automobiles in The Great Gatsby usually centers on one

Definition and Examples of Cause and Effect in Essays

Definition and Examples of Cause and Effect in Essays Definition In composition, cause and effect is a method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer analyzes the reasons for- and/or the consequences of- an action, event, or decision. A cause-and-effect paragraph or essay can be organized in various ways. For instance, causes and/or effects  can be arranged in either chronological order or reverse chronological order. Alternatively, points can be presented in terms of emphasis, from least important to most important, or vice versa. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: 50 Essay Topics: Cause EffectAffect and EffectArgumentationGamblers FallacyPost Hoc FallacySentence Combining Exercise #7: Out of the Ice Age Sentence Combining Exercise #8: How Teachers Make Children Hate Reading Examples of Cause Effect Paragraphs and Essays Cause and Effect in The Dream Animal by Loren EiseleyCause and Effect in Stephen Kings Horror MoviesChanges by Peter MatthiessenCorn-Pone Opinions by Mark TwainThe Decay of Friendship by Samuel JohnsonThe Hurricane by John James Audubon Learning to Hate Mathematics: A Cause Effect Essay Examples and Observations If you prove the cause, you at once prove the effect; and conversely nothing can exist without its cause.(Aristotle, Rhetoric) Immediate Causes and Ultimate CausesDetermining causes and effects is usually thought-provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate causes, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and may perhaps even be hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, thus creating a causal chain. For example, consider the following causal chain: Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with a client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: the large sale caused her to be promoted by her employer (effect).(Alfred Rosa and Paul Eschholz, Models for Writers, 6th ed. St . Martins Press, 1998) Composing a Cause/Effect EssayFor all its conceptual complexity, a cause/effect essay can be organized quite simply. The introduction generally presents the subject(s) and states the purpose of the analysis in a clear thesis. The body of the paper then explores all relevant causes and/or effects, typically progressing from least to most influential or from most to least influential. Finally, the concluding section summarizes the various cause/effect relationships established in the body of the paper and clearly states the conclusions that can be drawn from those relationships.(Kim Flachmann, Michael Flachmann, Kathryn Benander, and Cheryl Smith, The Brief Prose Reader. Prentice Hall, 2003) Causes of Child ObesityMany of todays kids are engaged in sedentary pursuits made possible by a level of technology unthinkable as recently as 25 to 30 years ago. Computer, video, and other virtual games, the ready availability of feature films and games on DVD, plus high-tech advancements in musi c-listening technology have come down into the range of affordability for parents and even for the kids themselves. These passive pursuits have produced a downside of reduced physical activity for the kids, often with the explicit or implicit consent of the parents. . . .Other fairly recent developments have also contributed to the alarming rise in child obesity rates. Fast food outlets offering consumables that are both low in price and low in nutritional content have exploded all over the American landscape since the 1960s, especially in suburban areas close to major highway interchanges. Kids on their lunch breaks or after school often congregate in these fast food outlets, consuming food and soft drinks that are high in sugar, carbohydrates, and fat. Many parents, themselves, frequently take their children to these fast food places, thus setting an example the kids can find justification to emulate.(MacKie Shilstone, Mackie Shilstones Body Plan for Kids. Basic Health Publication s, 2009) Cause and Effect in Jonathan Swifts A Modest ProposalA Modest Proposal is a brilliant example of the use of non-argumentative devices of rhetorical persuasion. The whole essay, of course, rests broadly upon the argument of cause and effect: these causes have produced this situation in Ireland, and this proposal will result in these effects in Ireland. But Swift, within the general framework of this argument, does not employ specific argumentative forms in this essay. The projector chooses rather to assert his reasons and then to amass them by way of proof.(Charles A. Beaumont, Swifts Classical Rhetoric. Univ. of Georgia Press, 1961) Effects of AutomobilesI worry about the private automobile. It is a dirty, noisy, wasteful, and lonely means of travel. It pollutes the air, ruins the safety and sociability of the street, and exercises upon the individual a discipline which takes away far more freedom than it gives him. It causes an enormous amount of land to be unnecessarily abstracted from nature and from plant life and to become devoid of any natural function. It explodes cities, grievously impairs the whole institution of neighborliness, fragmentizes and destroys communities. It has already spelled the end of our cities as real cultural and social communities, and has made impossible the construction of any others in their place. Together with the airplane, it has crowded out other, more civilized and more convenient means of transport, leaving older people, infirm people, poor people and children in a worse situation than they were a hundred years ago.(George F. Kennan, Democracy and the Student Left, 1968) Examples and Effects of EntropyBecause of its unnerving irreversibility, entropy has been called the arrow of time. We all understand this instinctively. Childrens rooms, left on their own, tend to get messy, not neat. Wood rots, metal rusts, people wrinkle and flowers wither. Even mountains wear down; even the nuclei of atoms decay. In the city we see entropy in the rundown subways and worn-out sidewalks and torn-down buildings, in the increasing disorder of our lives. We know, without asking, what is old. If we were suddenly to see the paint jump back on an old building, we would know that something was wrong. If we saw an egg unscramble itself and jump back into its shell, we would laugh in the same way we laugh as a movie run backward.(K.C. Cole, The Arrow of Time. The New York Times, March 18, 1982)

Interlanguage Definition and Examples

Interlanguage Definition and Examples Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns or speech acts in a second language. Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of applied linguistics whose article Interlanguage appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Examples and Observations [Interlanguage] reflects the learners evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language (transfer), contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules. (David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics) Fossilization The process of learning a second language (L2) is characteristically non-linear and fragmentary, marked by a mixed landscape of rapid progression in certain areas but slow movement, incubation, or even permanent stagnation in others. Such a process results in a linguistic system known as interlanguage (Selinker, 1972), which, to varying degrees, approximates that of the target language (TL). In the earliest conception (Corder, 1967; Nemser, 1971; Selinker, 1972), interlanguage is metaphorically a halfway house between the first language (L1) and the TL, hence inter. The L1 is purportedly the source language that provides the initial building materials to be gradually blended with materials taken from the TL, resulting in new forms that are neither in the L1 nor in the TL. This conception, though lacking in sophistication in the view of many contemporary L2 researchers, identifies a defining characteristic of L2 learning, initially known as fossilization (Selinker, 1972) and later on broadly referred to as incompleteness (Schachter, 1988, 1996), relative to the ideal version of a monolingual native speaker. It has been claimed that the notion of fossilization is what spurs the field of second language acquisition (SLA) into existence (Han and Selinker, 2005; Long, 2003). Thus, a fundamental concern in L2 research has been that learners typically stop short of target-like attainment, i.e., the monolingual native speakers competence, in some or all linguistic domains, even in environments where input seems abundant, motivation appears strong, and opportunity for communicative practice is plentiful. (ZhaoHong Han, Interlanguage and Fossilization: Towards an Analytic Model in Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning) Universal Grammar A number of researchers pointed out quite early on the need to consider interlanguage grammars in their own right with respect to principles and parameters of U[niversal] G[rammar], arguing that one should not compare L2 learners to native speakers of the L2 but instead consider whether interlanguage grammars are natural language systems (e.g., duPlessis et al., 1987; Finer and Broselow, 1986; Liceras, 1983; Martohardjono and Gair, 1993; Schwartz and Sprouse, 1994; White, 1992b). These authors have shown that L2 learners may arrive at representations which indeed account for the L2 input, though not in the same way as the grammar of a native speaker. The issue, then, is whether the interlanguage representation is a possible grammar, not whether it is identical to the L2 grammar. (Lydia White, On the Nature of Interlanguage Representation in The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition) Psycholinguistics [T]he significance of interlanguage theory lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to take into account the possibility of learner conscious attempts to control their learning. It was this view that initiated an expansion of research into psychological processes in interlanguage development whose aim was to determine what learners do in order to help facilitate their own learning, i.e., which learning strategies they employ (Griffiths Parr, 2001). It seems, however, that the research of Selinkers learning strategies, with the exception of transfer, has not been taken up by other researchers. (ViÃ… ¡nja PaviÄ ić TakaÄ , Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Foreign Language Acquisition)

Fire and Building Codes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fire and Building Codes - Essay Example It was the National Board of Fire Underwriters which published in 1905 the first model building code. Seeing the blatant unhealthy housing conditions, charitable organizations were established and many of them formed the National Housing Association in the 1900 which pressed for housing reforms. This movement also provided the stimulus for passing the New York Tenement House Act of 1901 which was used as a model for other cities. In 1939, the American Public Health Association (APHA) developed housing codes which served as a prototype as it specifies health and sanitation requirements including room dimensions and arrangements. The Engineering Profession provided the technical expertise for specifying applicable structural design thru the American Society of Civil Engineers, mechanical codes by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and plumbing codes and standards (American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE).

Reading research literature Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading research literature - Coursework Example Yes. The author indicated that the aim of this research was to identify some of the non-linear decision making process caregiver articulates when it comes to decision making to people with heart failure in which the members of the family can’t take it anymore. This journal has been written using scientific terms correctly and this confirms that the journal is peer-reviewed. In addition, the journal also has got the editorial board. In consideration of this statement â€Å"Heart failure (HF) is a major cardiovascular problem and the number of people living with HF continues to climb. Throughout the illness continuum, patients and their family caregivers are involved in decision making. As the illness worsens and patients can no longer make decisions, decision making becomes the responsibility of their caregivers who may have little preparation for the role† we articulate that this journal is peer reviewed. No. the author is trying to give ways possible ways and the importance of caregivers in our society and therefore his line of interest is to pass an information rather than gainig financial from the results of this study. This study indicates that a number of patients with heart failure suffers a lot especially at that point that their members can’t take it more. 90 percent of the total population usually lives the burden to caregivers who in turn tries to help this people at their level best. The strengths of this sample is that it has tried to find ways in which the position of a caregiver should be taken into account though possessing one important weakness in that it does not account all area pertaining the subject. Yes and simply because heart failure (HF) is a major cardiovascular problem and the number of people living with HF and this issue requires special attention to both practitioners and medical fraternity as a whole. The following questions pertain to: Schwarz, K., Mion, P., Hudock, D., &Litman, G. (2008). Telemonitoring of heart

Strategies for counter terrorism in United States Essay Example for Free

Strategies for counter terrorism in United States Essay Strategies for counter-terrorism in United States Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   September 9/11 is a day that many people will never forget. It’s a day that’s the world’s peace was on the line. The attack on the world’s trade center proved that terrorism is a real threat in the world. That day I watched TV in shock watching people crying and wailing in pain. Many souls perished in the attack and others were maimed seriously. Counter-terrorism is an action taken to prevent the activities of political groups who use violence to try to achieve their aims. To come up with an effective counter-terrorist strategy, state government need the aim terrorists ‘ interest and goal in their state and what they aim to achieve in their mission. This analysis entails how terrorism occurs and the strategies that America has taken to counter it and challenges of each strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The word terrorism originates from the word terrero which is in Latin, meaning fear. Usually terrorists are taken as Middle Eastern men who are motivated by their beliefs to harm innocent people. Unfortunately this vice is diverse, found everywhere in the world and used for any imaginable goal. Mostly terrorists are religiously or politically motivated. There are those homegrown and international. For the homegrown they organize and do it in their country (Cindy C Combs, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The word terrorism brings fear into many people while others misunderstand it. Terrorists are usually ideologically motivated whereby they use violence towards civilians so as to create fear and panic hoping to change policies or laws in a given country. There various practices used by terrorists to propagate their activities. One way terrorists is to create civil disorder. This can vary from legal protestation to illegal intimidation to the government. Various countries condone different dissent levels whereas in other peaceful assembly this is taken as terrorism. For sure destructive terrorism forms are religious, political, and quasi political. The political terrorist performs the terrorism hopping to change policies, normally in reference to profession, color or creed. The quasi political terrorism is one whereby terrorist’s tactics are used for personal gain. Finally religious terrorism looks at proliferating a person’s belief in the expense of others (Cindy C Combs, 2003). A firm stand should be taken against terrorism since it is very cruel and unjust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Terrorism goes in and around diplomatic process with a purpose of disrupting safety and peace so as to achieve a goal. For many terrorists, a mission successful is considered when thousands of helpless, children and women lie as corpses in the streets. What many terrorist do is to set as small bomb maybe in a building which results in killing say, forty people and later detonate a larger bomb when crowd of people, policemen and medics gather to witness the outcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Terrorists attacks have taken place like hundred times in America and the exact figures are not clear since distinction between political violence and the domestic one is blurred. From the year 1999, there have been over fifty terror attacks which are separate, on domestic soil. According to the FBI’s NCTC records, there were over eleven thousand five hundred terror acts in the entire world by the year 2011. These attacks occurred in seventy two countries and led to approximately fifty thousand casualties of which thirteen thousand two hundred of the fifty thousand casualties suffered extreme trauma.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each American government agency concerned with counterterrorism, has a purpose in the war against terror. The mission of Federal Bureau of Investigation is to counteract terrorist cells and operatives in United States and to aid in dismantling terrorists networks globally. In United States, numerous agencies including State Department, Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency are mandated to counter terrorism. The main objective of the National Counter-terrorism Center is to orchestrate and integrate the formidable abilities of the American government devoted to defeating the threat of international terrorism and reducing the terror to Unites States interests at home and overseas (Jim S., 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Counter terrorism strategy was paramount in the US national security even before the September 9/11 attacks. This is depicted whereby from the year 1958 to the year 1999, over forty legal acts dealing with war reinforcement against terrorism in a ranging degree were adopted. This acts brought about empowering of the state authority and also the agencies of law enforcement to detect and also repress the terrorism act in United States and overseas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of the states use varied goals and sub-goals that dictate their counterterrorism policies. These vary depending on the state’s economic and political situation. Some of these goals include; preventing the attack, getting rid of terrorists and motivation and minimizing casualties and damages should the terrorist attack occur (Michael B. Kraft, Edward M., 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the decade, United States has had high level of involvement in counter-terrorism actions. The time of struggle during which it fought against terrorism can be divided into two phases: this is after and before the occurrence of the 11th Sep, 2001. Phase one of counterterrorism is in relation to 1980s to 1990s. In this phase there were clear distinguished tendencies such as: use of military forces and new technologies. They used of military forces to fight international terrorist especially bombing their bases and their agencies. One of these operations was held during autumn-inter the year 2001 in Afghanistan. According to Bush G.W, they joined hands with the afghan people to overthrow the Taliban regime— the defenders of the al-Qaida network- and supported a new democratic government to rise in its place. In the field of information technology, there has been a defense by the United States: the data system and the supervisory c ontrol that are applied in the oil and gas industries, pharmaceutical. In the water supply system, and in chemicals are very vulnerable since the implementation of the information technology. The attack of computers by viruses will have to play a vital role in military. Moreover, united States plan a major role in helping train new agents for counterterrorism in other countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Phase two started since autumn the year 2001. Thousands of people from eighty eight countries died as a result of 11th September attack. This attack led to the realization of the vulnerability of any country in the hands of terrorist. These have led to expansion of anti-terrorism cooperation in many countries. According to Paul Pillar, CRI agent who is working on Middle East countries and south Asia,’ the campaign against terrorism must be as diverse as terrorism itself’. He gave the difference among the following various counterterrorism measures; (1) The diplomacy which recognizes no borders among states, (2) the combination of many measures that complement one another, (3) blocking financial support to terrorists groups or even their sponsoring states. They would also try to track their cash flows though very difficult, (4) use of a considerably weak military force. Terroristic bases are normally not large targets and ther efore easy to destroy unlike the military bases which presents a large stationary, (5) intelligence activity is the most crucial tool to deal with terrorism. The challenge with this tool is that most of the terrorists’ data is fragmented, pregnant with meanings and usually highly questionable, (6) they would also combine different measures which complement each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the America’s main strategies of combating terrorism is diplomatic actions and economic sanctions against countries that tend to back-up terrorism activities. The best example of this is the United Nations mandating and leading international sanctions against West African country—Libya due to the role it played in backing up terrorists who were involved in the bombing of Pan Am 103 in the year 1988.this was the first action that the entire world community took against terrorism. The United States sternly led this action with nations now being aware that US would discipline nations that support terrorism (Spindlove, C. E., 2007)..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second strategy which included objectives and policies such strengthening coalitions to beat global terrorism was initiated in the year 2002.the main objective of this strategy is to compel other nations’ government to indentify and destroy terrorist organizations. For instance, when President George Bush was planning war on Iraq, he encouraged Americans to use the full influence they have and work hand in hand with allies and friends to ensure that all actions of terrorists are illegal so that terrorism is perceived as unacceptable behavior that no reputable government can support. This strategy depicts America as using a policy of global coercion but at the time of this strategy, America was waging a war on Iraq. One of the main challenges of this strategy is that it used weapons of mass destructions and the fear of terrorism to help gain back-up for the war using a policy of ‘’your nation is either with us or aga inst us.’’ (Spindlove, C. E., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The former U.S.A president said that the United States can no longer rely on deterrence to keep the terrorists at bay or defensive measure to thwart them at the last moment. The fight must be taken to the enemy, to keep them on the run. In order to succeed, America need the support and concert action of friends and allies (Bush G.W., 2010, p.8). Conquered with the president, â€Å"in this task of eradication, â€Å"deterrence† is a mere tactic†¦..to succeed in the long run, however ,the united state must address root causes or a next generation of terrorists will emerge. â€Å"They promised to make better the performance of making of decision, action and also for centralized decisions. They also said that the actions would be decided by those who can understand the political, military and also economic boundaries. They are the central authorities. Broad-front strategy, though seen as unwise and wasteful is what united state s hould conduct. As they have been dealing with issues of terrorists organizations, such as al Qaeda, the U.S.SA as realized that the head or the heat of the beast is never single. This means that the center of gravity to look at when attacking may not be there. Bush G.W. has outlined the main objects in the plan of fighting terrorism in United States. He said that the fight entails use of military force including other national power instruments to kill or catch the terrorists, refuse to give them safe haven, or power over any nation. Block them from getting access to WMD, and obstruct their means of support. This plan is also targeted on continuation of political reforms to guard peaceful Muslims in the whole world in their faith. He also said that responsible Islamic leaders should dissociate from an ideology that alters and exploits the Islam for ends that are destructive and rapes a proud religion. (Bush G.W., 2010, p.23).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main counterterrorism plans are based on pre-emption, prevention, consequence management and defense. America is pursuing preemptive and proactive strategies to combat terrorism. The American security strategy is that of protection of its citizens and assets as it sees deterring and defeating terrorists as the ground for this defense. One of the main challenges of these policies is that they have internal conflict within themselves. On one hand, they seek to promote free and open societies globally while on the other hand, they seek to fight tyranny and terrorists. These strategies contradict each other as America is seen as promoting free and open societies while it benefits itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   US usually attach much importance to getting from friendly countries rights to use their territory and tools for the USA armed forces, together with making the improved operating basis in dangerous and regions that are unstable. Today American troops are all over in one hundred and thirty countries of the world, in regards to Heritage Foundation. Most of these troops are majored in Arabic countries, together with Iraq base, Qatar, Kuwait and also in UAE (Spindlove, C. E., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion terrorism is a danger to world’s peace and stability. No groups of people should kill innocent people in the name of religion politics or ethnicity. Instead people from all religions, political or ethnic background should co-exist together and embrace peace. Unfortunately the terrorists consider a mission successful when hundreds of innocent souls lie in pools of blood. World leaders should unite their people and encourage them to shun away from terrorism and other related violence. The America’s counterterrorist policy is based on prevention; deterrence, pre-emption and limiting consequences if the act cannot be prevented. It also uses coercion as a strategy to help to strengthen coalitions for its strategies. America feels that exclusive of strong alliances and support from its friends and allies, terrorism will continue to grow and at one point, be a danger to its people and assets. References   Bush, George W. (2010).  Decision Points. Crown Publishers. pp.  399–400. Palestinian extremists, many affiliated with the terrorist group Hamas, launched a wave of terrorist attacks against innocent civilians in IsraelMy views [on Israel and Hamas] came into sharper focus after 9/11. Cindy C Combs (2003), Terrorism in the Twenty First Century, (3rd Edition, New Jersey: Pearsons Educ. Inc.) Jim Saxton. (2001). Patterns of Global Terrorism and Threats to the U.S:Hearing before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism. Washington D.C: Diane Publishing Co. Michael B. Kraft, Edward Marks.(2012) . U.S Government Counterterrorism: A Guide to Who Does What. New York:CRC press. Paul R. Pillar.(2003). Terrorism and U.S Foreign Policy: Washington, D.C: R.R. Donnelley and Sons Harrisonburg, Virginia Spindlove, C. E. (2007). Terrorism Today. The Past, The Players, The Future. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Source document

Geography Summary :: Papers

Geography Summary A very long time ago, in outer space. There was an atom, invisible to the naked eye. No one knows how the atom was created, it was just there. This atom was very concentrated and very dense. Approximately 30 billion years ago, that atom exploded and out came the material used to create the entire universe. Of course, back then. The universe was very different from today. This is the big bang theory, it wa sproposed by George Gamow a Russian American. According to the theory, the force of the explosion is still making us drift and then will pull us back bringing our existence to an end. When the earth was first created, there was only one continent. It was called Pangea. The Pangea then split up into two smaller continents named respectively Laurasia and Gondowanaland. Finally, both Laurasia and Gondowanaland split up into yet smaller continents, resulting in a final count of 7 continents. This theory is called Continental Drift and it was suggested by Alfred Wegener in 1912. Convection currents is how heat moves in liquids. We find convection currents inside the moho but we can also find convection currents in a pot of boilling water. Convection currents are circles of heat side by side moving in opposite directions. When these happen inside the moho, many things can happen. At some points on the earth parts of the crust can be sucked underground make cracks on the ground. At other places on earth, the currents can push up the crust, thus making a hill. Convection currents are what causes tectonic plates to move. With out convection currents, there probably wouldn`t be any continental drift. As you learnt in the previous paragraph, convection currents take place in the Moho. The Mohorovicic discontinuity is the boundary between the crust and the mantle. The material inside the moho are smi molten rocks.

Identify the Difference Between Start Up and Operating Costs, Variablecpsts and Fixed Costs Essay

A start-up cost is a cost that you start with for example in the flower shop it would be a deposit on the shop and the first month’s rent. Also the first lot of stock, advertisement a sign, table, counter, till and a credit card machine. The operating costs are costs that you carry on paying for throughout the time your business is open, for example in the flower shop they would be rent, wages, heating and lighting, insurance, loan interest, drawing (personal salary) , ribbons, stock, boxes and plastic sheets. So the difference between the two above would be that start-up costs are only when the business is starting to get up and running and the operating costs are something you pay for throughout the time your business is open. Fixed costs are a part of operating costs but fixed costs would have one price that doesn’t change throughout the time your business is open that’s why they call it fixed, the fixed costs would be: rent. This would cost  £700 per month, mages. This would cost  £500 per month. Heating and lighting would cost  £200 per month, insurance would cost  £160 per month, loan interests cost  £40 per month on top of how much you had loaned to you and drawings (personal salary would cost  £400 per month. Fixed costs do not vary without put, so weather the flower shop gets loads of customers or not they still have to pay fixed costs. A variable cost is a cost that can vary throughout the time your business is open, a good example for the flower shop is packaging , as the more flowers you sell the more packaging you would need, the same as ribbon, plastic sheets and gift tags.

Marketing Plan Executive Summary Essay

{Insert Name Here} provides the best in patient centered healthcare North Decatur has to offer. {Insert} will provide quality healthcare in a number of specialties, having a primary focus on our Heart and Vascular Center services. As our hospital continues to grow, we are devoted to staying up to date and providing our patients with cutting edge technology options, while caring for them wholeheartedly. Many of our premier services we offer to our patients are those in our Heart and Vascular Center, where interventional procedures are taking place every day in order to prevent our patients from having to undergo open-heart surgeries and being transferred to tertiary facilities. The Heart & Vascular Center is equipped with state-of-the-art procedure rooms that offer patients the most advanced form of cardiovascular imaging in the area. We employ the latest heart care and vascular technology which provides the ability to perform both cardiac and peripheral vascular procedures on a singl e system. Our technology gives detailed diagnostic information that leads to effective treatments of heart and vascular diseases. This up to date equipment is at the fingertips of our physicians allowing them to perform intricate procedures such as placing balloons, stents and other therapeutic agents in vessels requiring treatment. By informing our service area and the general public of our competent and well educated cardiology specialists and elegant state-of-the-art amenities through grassroots outlets and direct contact, {Insert} will quickly gain more market share. We will also provide benchmarked customer service and flexibility. Targeted consumers of our services will be those individuals and families in nearby communities at higher risks of contracting cardiovascular diseases due to lifestyle choices, family history, and certain demographics. These patients are usually referred after admittance to our facility or by other health care professionals such as primary care physicians, outside specialists, or extended care facilities. Our hospital has already developed an excellent reputation with many of these professionals, but plans to align ourselves with even more community health providers in order to attract more patrons in our service area. We also will also utilize data obtained from the Georgia Hospital Association to solicit consumers in our service area  directly. There are currently two other hospitals that serve North Decatur. One is a research based hospital located less than ten miles away from our location. Due to the lack of highly skilled physicians specializing in interventional cardiovascular procedures, we believe that once this is communicated with our service network, interest in their cardiovascular services will decline greatly. The other hospital currently operating in our area only markets in to small number of our targeted zip codes; they also do not offer the unique blend of specialty care and patient engagement which {Insert} will be providing.Objectives Increase brand awareness, evidenced by an increase in unsolicited requests for services. Increase customer referrals by 7% per quarter.  80% of Customer Satisfaction Surveys returned indicating satisfaction with services. Respectable gross sales by the end of first year. Keys to Success Professional quality of services offered Reliability — being available through on-call, and adequate staffing Effective collaboration with other community professionals (physicians, extended care facilities, and other organizations) Steadfast engagement with our home community, organizations, and clubs

Definition of Majority Opinion for the Supreme Court

Definition of Majority Opinion for the Supreme Court The majority opinion is an explanation of the reasoning behind the majority decision of a supreme court. In terms of the United States Supreme Court, the majority opinion is written by a justice selected by either the Chief Justice or if he or she is not in the majority, then the senior justice who voted with the majority. The majority opinion is often cited as precedent in arguments and decisions during other court cases. Two additional opinions that justices of the US Supreme Court might issue include a concurring opinion and a dissenting opinion. How Cases Reach the Supreme Court Known as the highest court in the nation, The Supreme Court has nine Justices who decide if they will take a case. They use a rule known as the Rule of Four, meaning if at least four of the Justices  want to take the case, they will issue a legal order called a writ of certiorari to review records of the case.  Only about 75 to 85 cases are taken per year, out of 10,000 petitions. Often, the cases that are approved involve the entire country, rather than individual people. This is done so that any case that can have a large impact  that can affect a significant amount of people, such as the entire nation, are taken into consideration. Concurring Opinion While a majority opinion stands as the judicial opinion agreed upon by more than half of the court, a concurring opinion allows for more legal support. If all nine justices cannot agree on the resolution of a case and/or reasons that support it, one or more justices can create concurring opinions which agree with the way to solve the case considered by the majority. However, a concurring opinion communicates additional reasons for reaching the same resolution.  While concurring opinions support the majority decision, it ultimately stresses various constitutional or legal basis for the judgment call. Dissenting Opinion In contrast to a concurring opinion, a dissenting opinion directly opposes the opinion of all or part of the majoritys decision.  Dissenting opinions analyze legal principles and are often utilized in lower courts.  Majority opinions may not always be correct, so dissents create a constitutional dialogue about underlying issues that can involve a change in the majority opinion. The main reason for having these dissenting opinions is because the nine Justices commonly disagree on the method for solving a case in the majority opinion. Through stating their dissent or writing an opinion about why they disagree, the reasoning can eventually change the majority of a court, causing an overrule over the length of the case. Notable Dissents in History Dred Scott v. Sandford, March 6, 1857Plessy v. Ferguson, May 18, 1896Olmstead v. the United States, June 4, 1928Minersville School District v. Gobitis, June 3, 1940Korematsu v. the United States, December 18, 1944Abington School District v. Schempp, June 17, 1963FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, July 3, 1978Lawrence v. Texas, June 26, 2003

Chicana Feminist Writer Gloria Anzaldua

Chicana Feminist Writer Gloria Anzaldua Feminist Gloria Anzaldua was a guiding force in the  Chicano and Chicana movement  and  lesbian/queer theory.  She was a poet, activist, theorist, and teacher who lived from September 26, 1942, to May 15, 2004. Her writings blend styles, cultures, and languages, weaving together poetry, prose, theory, autobiography, and experimental narratives. Life in the Borderlands Gloria Anzaldua was born in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas in 1942. She described herself as a Chicana/Tejana/lesbian/dyke/feminist/writer/poet/cultural theorist, and these identities were just the beginning of the ideas she explored in her work. Gloria Anzaldua was the daughter of a Spanish American and an American Indian. Her parents were farm workers; during her youth, she lived on a ranch, worked in the fields and became intimately aware of the Southwest and South Texas landscapes. She also discovered that Spanish speakers existed on the margins in the United States. She began to experiment with writing and gain awareness of social justice issues. Gloria Anzaldua’s book Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, published in 1987, is the story of existence in several cultures near the Mexico/Texas border. It is also the story of Mexican-Indian history, mythology, and cultural philosophy. The book examines physical and emotional borders, and its ideas range from Aztec religion to the role of women in Hispanic culture to how lesbians find a sense of belonging in a straight world. The hallmark of Gloria Anzaldua’s work is the interweaving of poetry with prose narrative. The essays interspersed with poetry in Borderlands/La Frontera reflect her years of feminist thought and her non-linear, experimental manner of expression. Feminist Chicana Consciousness Gloria Anzaldua received her bachelor’s degree in English from the University of Texas-Pan American in 1969 and a master’s in English and Education from the University of Texas at Austin in 1972. Later in the 1970s, she taught a course at UT-Austin called â€Å"La Mujer Chicana.† She said that teaching the class was a turning point for her, connecting her to the queer community, writing and feminism. Gloria Anzaldua moved to California in 1977, where she devoted herself to writing. She continued to participate in political activism, consciousness-raising, and groups such as the Feminist Writers Guild. She also looked for ways to build a multicultural, inclusive feminist movement. Much to her dissatisfaction, she discovered there were very few writings either by or about women of color.   Some readers have struggled with the multiple languages in her writings – English and Spanish, but also variations of those languages. According to Gloria Anzaldua, when the reader does the work of piecing together fragments of language and narrative, it mirrors the way feminists must struggle to have their ideas heard in a patriarchal society. The Prolific 1980s Gloria Anzaldua continued to write, teach, and travel to workshops and speaking engagements throughout the 1980s. She edited two anthologies that collected the voices of feminists of many races and cultures. This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color was published in 1983 and won the Before Columbus Foundation American Book Award. Making Face Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color was published in 1990. It included writings by famous feminists such as Audre Lorde and Joy Harjo, again in fragmented sections with titles such as â€Å"Still Trembles our Rage in the Face of Racism† and â€Å"(De)Colonized Selves. Other Life Work Gloria Anzaldua was an avid observer of art and spirituality and brought these influences to her writings as well. She taught throughout her life and worked on a doctoral dissertation, which she was unable to finish due to health complications and professional demands. UC Santa Cruz later awarded her a posthumous Ph.D. in literature. Gloria Anzaldua won many awards, including the National Endowment for the Arts Fiction Award and the Lambda Lesbian Small Press Book Award. She died in 2004 from complications related to diabetes. Edited by Jone Johnson Lewis

Healthy Eating in a Technologically Advanced World Research Paper - 4

Healthy Eating in a Technologically Advanced World - Research Paper Example Michael Polland, a protagonist to this theory, presents a series of facts to support this notion. According to Polland, nutrition ideologies are as a result of two basic assumptions. The first assumption is that the key to understanding food is based on the nutrient. Over the years, scientists have conducted a series of research in order to identify the types of nutritious foods that people should consume. However, this assumption is unexamined and ensures that the individuals in the society are dependent on scientists and other experts to inform them about the types of food they should eat. The second assumption supports the notion that the purpose of eating is to maintain and promote bodily health. Polland observes that this assumption is not shared by all cultures and presents a ‘French-paradox’ where the fact that a population that eats all sorts of unhealthy nutrients is in many ways healthier than the American society (Nytimes.com). Polland also states that scienti sts have been unable to discern the qualitative distinctions between foods. Inevitably, selected foods such as beef and chicken became mere delivery systems for varying quantities of fats, proteins and other nutrients (Nytimes.com). Nutrition ideologies benefit manufacturers and not consumers. Since the 1982 National Academy report based on nutrition, the food industry set about re-engineering a plethora of food products so that they contain more nutrients as per the recommendation of the government and the scientific community. Contrarily, the typical real food is unable to compete under the rules of nutritionism.  Ã‚  

Boston Beer Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boston Beer Company - Case Study Example The management of at the company has market the innovations made by the company as the major drivers of success in the marketing of the beer. The ability of the company to produce different beers under the same brand has enabled the majority of the operations owned by the company to flourish. The company has been able to progress based on its ability to sell beers that are crafted for the individual market tastes. It is able to point out the unique market tastes by conducting extensive market research on the beers and the flavor preferences of the market. This way, the company is able to produce the beers that cover all the needs of the people leading to an inclusive variety. Therefore, the company is able to run on its innovative approaches when addressing the market needs. Creation of 18 varieties of the brands and the increasing growth in the crafts and imports beer markets is an indicator of the market success(Lane and Import 7). Lane, Samuel, and Lane Import. Jonathan Delgado, Marvins Air Conditioning Corp Janine De Veer, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceutical, Inc. Carol Gutierrez, The Boston Beer Company Gladys Giselle Rodriguez, Trans Americanc. HB Inc.. Academy of Health Care Management 6.2 (2009): 7.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY NURSING - Essay Example Of concern specially is smoking among adolescents which can contribute to several health problems and birth defects in babies born to pregnant women who smoke. Thus, the community selected for critical analysis of health needs in this essay is adolescent smokers. The extent of problem and the impact and effectiveness of public health in the primary care setting with reference to this community will be discussed through review of suitable literature. The Community According to the 2009 statistics, 29 percent of pupils have tried smoking atleast once and the prevalence of smoking in young people was 6 percent. Though this proportion is the lowest since the time the survey began in 1982, it continues to be a significant problem for both health authorities and public. The prevalence of smoking between 11-15 years old has been estimated to be 6 percent. The prevalence is more among girls (7 percent) when compared to boys (5 percent). Another important finding of the survey is that the pre valence of smoking increases with age. At 11 years of age, the prevalence is 0.5 percent and at 15 years of age it is 15 percent. Ethnicity has an influence on the prevalence. It is more common in White pupils when compared to Black of Mixed ethnicity pupils. It is also more prevalent in pupils coming from lower socioeconomic strata (Smith et al, 2009). According to the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use survey of 2006 (NHS, 2007), nine percent of pupils in England are regular smokers and a further 5 percent are occasional smokers. The survey defined regular smokers as those smoking atleast one cigarette per week and occasional smokers as those smoking less than one cigarette a week. Pupils who smoked regularly smoked an average of 6 cigarettes a day, approximately 43.5 cigarettes a week. 74 percent of the regular smokers smoked cigarettes from a packet and 6 percent smoked from rolled tobaccos. Girls were more likely to smoke from a packet (NHS, 2007). Regular smoking in this age group has been associated with drug abuse, alcohol intake and truancy and school exclusion. The dependence of smoking by children is mainly related to the time they spend as regular smoker. Those who have smoked for more than a year as regular smokers have reported that they find it difficult to not smoke each day. However, more than 50 percent opined that they knew the ill effects of smoking and thus would like to give up. Most pupils knew that smoking caused lung cancer. But two-thirds of them reported that they felt relaxed because of smoking. Thus, the immediate benefits of smoking outweighed the future potential hazards of smoking. According to the survey, majority of pupils were aware of the fact that their families had negative attitude towards smoking. One third of the pupils who smoked did so secretly and occasional smokers were more likely to be secret smokers. Also, households of pupils who smoked were more lenient that those who did not smoke (NHS, 2007). Since most adult smo kers begin smoking at young age, it is every important to ascertain and understand the causes of smoking in young children so that predictors of smoking can be evaluated and targeted for prevention. Several risk factors have been studied in this regard. According to the Liverpool Longitudinal Smoking Study (Smith et al, 2009), deprivation at both school and home was strongly associated with smoking among adolescents. The trial of smoking is influenced by several school-related environmental factors

Does Bureaucracy Remains The Essential Core of Public Administration in The Practice of New Public Management?

Does Bureaucracy Remains The Essential Core of Public Administration in The Practice of New Public Management? Introduction The changing role on how the government should act in order to improve and guarantee an adequate public service delivery has come to an era where the concept of New Public Management (NPM) is introduced to replace the practice of so called ‘red tape bureaucracy. The concept suggests new management techniques and practices that involving market type mechanisms related to private sector practices in order to bring changes to the management of government in making public service delivery. The reforms try to redefine the role and character of government institutions to be more market and private sector oriented. The reform efforts have been commenced first by developed countries from the late 1970s to the 1980s, and then followed by developing and transitional countries in recent years (Larbi, 2006). The economic crisis in developed countries led to the search of new ways in managing and delivering public services and redefining the states role. Similar thing also occurred to developing countries that was experiencing economic and fiscal crisis that led to the rethinking of state-led development that involving bigger size, functions, and the cost of state and its bureaucracy. The idea is how to strongly endorse the market and competition to the private and voluntary sectors and leaving the practice of strong state where everything is controlled and done by the state. However, the idea of NPM has raise a question of whether bureaucracy should still exist or, even more, would still be the essential core element of public administration. The paper will discuss about this question and find out what would be the answer. The outline of this paper will firstly discuss about the essence of bureaucracy in the practice of public administration. Afterward, it will introduce what and how does the NPM works in the practice of organising and managing public service. Finally, this paper will analyse whether bureaucracy would still be the essential core of public administration although NPM is being implemented. What Is Bureaucracy? Common citizens might just think that bureaucracy is a burden in public administration because of its inefficiency, long chain of decision making, self interest, and other bothersome reason that makes it undesirable form of administration. In the United States, public bureaucracy has gain wide scepticism and reached a high point as a major theme in the Reagan administration. The president contempt on bureaucracy was supported by public opinion polls, which had been detecting a widespread conviction that the government is wasteful and ineffective, and much of the concern aimed on public agencies and their employees as the major part of the problem (Milward and Rainey, 1983). On the contrary, there are also views that think bureaucracy in more positive term with their own evidence. For instance, merit based bureaucracy can fosters economic growth in developing countries (Evans and Rauch, 1999). It can also contribute to the effort of poverty reduction (Henderson et al, 2003). Furthermore, bureaucratic rules are considered to have a contribution in promoting democratic equality because those rules do not make differentiation of wealth and other resources among citizens that they serve. These two standpoints, negative and positive, about bureaucracy forced us to understand more about the substance of the so called â€Å"Weberian† state structures. In the view of public administration, bureaucracy means much more than those negative characteristics mentioned above because the term â€Å"bureaucracy† in serious administrative literature mentioning a general, formal structure elements of organisation, particularly government organisation (Stillman, 2000). The most comprehensive, classic formulation of the characteristics of bureaucracy was generally acknowledged as the work of a German scientist, Max Weber. He pioneered the term â€Å"bureaucracy† by saying that â€Å"bureaucracy is the normal way that legal rational authority appears in institutional form, it holds a central role in ordering and controlling modern society, also it is superior to any other form in precision, in stability, in stringency of its discipline and in its reliability†. Weber thought that bureaucracy is indispensable to maintaining civilisation in modern society. He suggested that although a lot of people are saying about the negativ e views of bureaucracy, it would be impossible to think that administrative work can be carried out in any field without the existence of officials working in offices. Weber noted three of the most important major elements of the formal structure of bureaucracy, which are the division of labour, hierarchical order, and impersonal rules. Firstly, specialisation of labour means that all work in bureaucracy should be divided into units that will be done individuals or groups of individuals that has competency in accomplishing those tasks. In other words, the specialisation of labour brings out the idea of professionalism in administrative bureaucracy. Secondly, the hierarchical order in bureaucracy that is meant to separate superiors from sub ordinates in order to recognised different authority, responsibility, and privileges. It also meant as a base for remuneration of employees and a structure that will enable a system of promotion to the employees. Thirdly, impersonal rules that form the means of a bureaucratic world. It limits the bureaucrats in any opportunities for arbitrariness and personal favouritism because their choices are restrained by l egal bureaucratic rules that provide systematic controls of sub ordinates by superiors. Those major elements of bureaucracy derived from what is known as The Weberian ideal type, which suggested four revolutional thinking in public administration. First is the concept of recruitment for the officials which is not supposed to be based on personal relationship but more to a merit based recruitment. Second is the point of view that servants should give their loyalty to the community not to individuals or groups. Third is the mentality aspect of the servants where they are pressured in improving public welfare so they have to eliminate the practice that give opportunity for rent seeking and fraud, which will inflict the public welfare. Last concept of ideal type is that employment should be subject to job performance not on political support. The Concept of New Public Management New initiatives introduce new management technique, which include not only structural changes but also attempts to change both process and roles of public sector management. Wide drafts of initiative and change processes in the UK public services have taken place since the 1980s (Ashburner et al, 1994). Furthermore, a survey conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in early 1990s has concluded that new management techniques and practices that involving market type mechanisms associated with the private for profit sector would bring changes in countries public management that have wide governance, economic and institutional environments (OECD, 1993a). Those technique and practice changes have then being labelled as the New Public Management (NPM) or the new managerialism (Ferlie et al, 1996). The search for new management technique in public sector administration was initially forced by some occurrence that happened worldwide. The first wave for reforms came up as a result of economic and fiscal crisis, political change, and criticism on over extension of the state. The next wave for reforms were mainly because of the role of donors, improvement in information technology, and pressures of globalisation that strongly promoted competition among countries. Nevertheless, the concept of NPM still need to be clearly defined of what the new public management actually is, what made it distinct to be said of moving away from traditional public administration. The attempts to overview what kind of practice should be done in implementing NPM noted that there are at least four new public management models (Ferlie et al, 1996) that can distinguish it with the traditional public administration. The models meant to be the initial attempt to build the typology of new public management ideal types. The first model is The Efficiency Drive that known as the earliest model to emerge. It represented a model that tried to make public sector more like businesses, which is led by high importance of efficiency. It increased attention to financial control, extension of audit, deregulation of the labour market, empowerment of less bureaucratic and more entrepreneurial management, and a greater role for non public sector providers. This first model of NPM sees public sector as a problem not solution because it was wasteful, over bureaucratic, and underperformed. The second model is Downsizing and Decentralisation on the management of public sector organisations. This model implemented some general organisational change, which include staff downsizing, increased contracting out, and increased decentralisation strategy. The model tried to represent public sector in facing issues about their replacement with the market. The third one called In Search of Excellence that had strong highlight on organisational culture. It define NPM as techniques and practices in shaping public sector organisational culture by promoting and forming values, rites, and symbols to show people how to behave at work. The fourth and last model called Public Service Orientation. This model tried to combine private and public sector management ideas by adopting private sector practices. It takes ideas from the private sector to be applied in the public sector organisation. The rise of Total Quality Management in order to achieve excellence in public service deliveries can be noted as one of the implementation for this model. Overall, there seems to be only two core elements that exist in the concept of NPM. The first one is managerialism and the other one is marketisation and competition (Osborne and Gaebler, 1992). Managerialism includes the practice of decentralisation of authority, devolving budget and financial control, delayering and downsizing public sector organisations, implementing performance management, and forming executive agencies to do specific tasks in public services. While marketisation and competition stressed on the practice of contracting out, charging for public services, focusing on quality, and changing employment relationship. Larbi (2006) also mentioned those two core elements in a detailed table, which is also adapted from Hood (1991). However, the market type mechanisms associated with private for profit sector, which is the life blood of NPM, also have a challenge to answer that what if the market fails. It comes to another perspective of NPM in anticipating market failure, which is regulating. The idea is quite paradox because if we discuss about new public management reform, usually it will talk about de-regulation and not re-regulation, but the state has to face the reality that the market will not always succeed. This where regulation is meant to, being an instrument to impose outcomes which would not be reached by the operation of free market forces and private legal rights (Ogus, 1994). Regulation meant to make the market works more efficient or make the monopoly provider to operate as if there were a competition. Nevertheless, the practice of how to regulate has also been an interesting topic of whether in the form of state control or on the basis of giving incentives. Where Bureaucracy Stands In the New Public Management? After reviewing the definition of bureaucracy and the practice of new public management, we have to answer two questions that arise in the beginning of this paper. The first question is whether bureaucracy would still exist in the implementation of NPM or otherwise should be abolish at all. The second question, as continuation from the first one if the result is yes, where does it stand in the NPM, would it supposed to be the core elements too? The answer for the first question supposed to be yes, bureaucracy would still exists despite the emerging implementation on New Public Management. There are at least two reasons that can explain why bureaucracy will still exist. First of all, Weber suggested that bureaucracy can serve any master. This is in the meaning of whatever the form of a government, whether it is an authoritarian or democratic, bureaucracy would still be relevant. The facts that can be seen as evidence is what happened around the mid-1990s where ideas derived from neo-liberal economics began to falter as policy guides to economic development. A number of processes and events were responsible for this. The World Bank (1993, 1997) finally began to recognize the positive role that states could play. It became clear that the concept of the minimal state had theoretical flaws and led to policies that could be shattering for growth, most visibly in Eastern Europe (Henderson, 1998). Nevertheless, the Washington Cons ensus came under pressure as a consequence of inappropriate policy responses to the East Asian economic crisis (Chang, 2001). The recent writing by Chang (2002) revealed that the now developed world, including its most neo-liberal exponents, Britain and the United States did not pursue free market policies as their roads to riches, seems destined to advance this process. The second reason is the Weberian perspective actually does not negate the positive effects of strengthening market institutions, but it does postulate that bureaucratically structured public organizations, using their own distinct set of decision making procedures, are a necessary complement to market based institutional arrangements (Evans and Rauch, 1999). Then the second question, what about its significance in the NPM. More precisely, would it still be the core element in the practice of NPM. There are some arguments that we can use to answer this question. As noted before, Weber argued that public administrative organisations, which are characterised by meritocratic recruitment and a predictable long term career rewards, will be more effective at facilitating capitalist growth than other forms of state organisation. This hypothesis certainly cannot be dismissed just because of the fact that people who call themselves bureaucrats have engaged in rent seeking and fraud activity, or that corrupt governments have undermined economic growth (Evans and Rauch, 1999). Henderson et al (2003) explained in their paper that meritocratic recruitment can be expected to lead to organisational effectiveness because of several reasons. Firstly, it can ensures that staff has, at the very least, a minimal level of competency to fulfil job requirements. Secondly, it tends to encourage organisational coherence and an organisational spirit, where it is expected that this will eventually help to raise the motivation of staff. Finally, higher levels of identification with colleagues and the organisation help to raise the levels of shared norms and increase the intangible costs of engaging in corrupt practices. Moreover, bureaucracies that offer rewarding long term careers have greater possibility to perform well because it encourages more competent people to join the organisation, which, in turn, further increases organisational coherence and makes attempts to conduct corrupt practices by individuals will be less attractive because the costs of being found out ar e very high. Another argument comes from an empirical study, which is written by Evans and Rauch (1999), to test the significant correlation between bureaucratic effects of the Weberian State Structure with economic growth. Evans and Rauch constructed a â€Å"Weberianness Scale† that tried to measure the degree to which core state agencies in various countries were characterised by meritocratic recruitment and offered rewarding long term careers. After that, they compute the scores on the scale for 35 semi industrial and poor countries. Then, they analysed the correlation of these scores to the total growth of real GDP per capita in those countries from 1970 to 1990, and found out that there is a strong and significant correlation between the â€Å"Weberianness Scale† score and economic growth on those respective countries. Furthermore, they also analysed and concluded that the East Asian countries, which have higher â€Å"Weberianness Scale† score and economic growth than A frican countries, has demonstrated a high performing key institutional element of the scale that resulted in economic growth. Almost similar arguments also came from James Tobin, the winner of Nobel Prize for Economics in 1981. He observed that the rapid growth of the public sector in the United States had actually accompanied the greatest economic advances of any country in history, and that he knows of no evidence that government spending and growth are responsible for current economic difficulties. These arguments should at least give us a hint that bureaucracy would remains to be the core element in public administration. Conclusion Critiques about inefficient, red tape, and waste bureaucracy has raise an idea to abolish and make it as minimum as it can in order to provide and improve public welfare. This has lead to the concept of making business-like public sector, where it is assumed that the practice will bring goodness to public welfare. However, it has been revealed that the oversimplified calls on business-like public sector, which impose free market approach, have eventually being falter. This has made some modification on the practice of New Public Management. Some arguments have shown that bureaucracy should remains as the core element in the practice of NPM. It is required not just to anticipate market failures but also to make sure that the market, especially for monopolistic public service, would feel that there is a competition, through establishing sets of regulations. Moreover, empirical study has proved that the role of bureaucracy is actually significant for the economic growth. Thus, there are strong reasons not just to put bureaucracy in the practice of NPM, but also make it as an essential part of the New Public Management.

Gun Control: American vs the NRA Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ess

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a Friday afternoon in Charlesbay High School. Students are piling into the lunch lines awaiting hot pizza, fresh French fries and ice-cold sodas. As the students discuss what they are going to do after the football game and how their 1st hour test was, a gunshot is heard not far away. The students are ordered to stay low to the ground by school security guards. None of the students know what is happening outside the lunch lines. What is going on is a 17-year old frenetic boy who attends Charlesbay, got upset with a couple students. He was sick of hearing them call him â€Å"dumb† or â€Å"butterball† and pushing him around the hallways. Robby, we’ll call him, took matters into his own hands and decided to do something about his bullies. The way Robby obtained his gun was by a friend, an older friend. This lethal weapon caused the death of 3 students and 5 injuries. What was just explained seems to be a typical storyline heard on the news daily. The debate over firearms has been polarized for too long. Gun law is a never-ending issue because there hardly is any true debate. Americans (and even gun owners) do support the governments efforts to make sure guns are less dangerous in violent hands, but that is the main problem-the guns getting in the wrong human hands. Millions of law-abiding Americans do own and do enjoy their guns. But criminals and sometimes-disconcerted kids often use firearms to kill. The use of firearms has increased tremendously. An average day in Los Angeles is four people dying in a gun related crime and the United States faces approximately 87 deaths a day. There are more than 200 million guns in circulation in the United States and if you don’t own a firearm, chances are that your neighbor or friend does (Fineman 27). Sure, the Founding Fathers incorporated the Second Amendment as â€Å"the right to keep and bear arms,† but it did not give the distinction of using guns to kill more childr en and people than anywhere in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I. It is happening all over the country: kids are dying from guns. (Restatement) A. According to the governments statistics, 4, 223 children were killed by firearms in 1997, while many of these deaths occurred while playing at a friends’ home or even in their own neighborhood (Bai 32). 1.It is mostly due because their parents or other gun owners ... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madmen will always do mad things (Aphorism). People do kill with broomsticks and their bare hands. Yet the facts are inescapable, there are more than 200 million guns in circulation and more than 1/3 of American households owns a firearm (Fineman 32) (Restatement). Products are something we need to regulate, be they cars, lawnmowers or pharmaceuticals. It is time to apply this consumer-product safety standard to firearms. Perhaps it will take another school shooting to get the Americans and political leaders thinking. Perhaps it will take one more school shooting to move us from people who support for gun control to people who actually vote for it. Perhaps it will take one more shooting to make the Americans more powerful than the NRA. Perhaps it will take our school to be the chosen school to have a rampage, to finally open up our eyes to see how dangerous guns really is (Repetition). Works Cited Matt Bai, â€Å"Searching for Answers† Newsweek 10 May 1999 31:36 Howard Fineman, â€Å"The Gun War Comes Home† Newsweek 23 May 1999 22:32 Andrew Murr, â€Å"Follow the Firearms† Newsweek 10 May 1999 34 Anna Quindlen, â€Å"The Widows and the Wounded† Newsweek 1 Nov. 1999 98